ModelRetinal detachment is a disorder of the eye in which the retina separates from its underlying layer of support tissue. Initial detachment may be localized, but without rapid treatment, the entire retina may detach, leading to vision loss and blindness.
Retinal detachment is a medical emergency.
The retina is a thin layer of light-sensitive tissue on the back wall of the eye. The optical system of the eye focuses light on the retina much like light is focused on the film in a camera. The retina translates that focused image into neural impulses and sends them to the brain via the optic nerve. Occasionally, posterior vitreous detachment, injury or trauma to the eye or head may cause a small tear in the retina. The tear allows vitreous fluid to seep through it under the retina and peel it away like a bubble in wallpaper.
A retinal detachment is commonly preceded by a posterior vitreous detachment which gives rise to these symptoms:
Although most posterior vitreous detachments do not progress to retinal detachments, those that do produce the following symptoms:
There are several methods of treating a detached retina, which all depend on finding and closing the breaks which have formed in the retina.
Cryotherapy (freezing) or laser photocoagulation are occasionally used alone to wall off a small area of retinal detachment so that the detachment does not spread.
Scleral buckle surgery is an established treatment in which the eye surgeon sews one or more silicone bands to the sclera (the white outer coat of the eyeball). The bands push the wall of the eye inward against the retinal hole, closing the break or reducing fluid flow through it and reducing the effect of vitreous traction thereby allowing the retina to re-attach. Cryotherapy (freezing) is applied around retinal breaks prior to placing the buckle. Often, subretinal fluid is drained as part of the buckling procedure. The buckle remains in place.
The most common side effect of a scleral operation is myopic shift, i.e. the operated eye will be shorter-sighted after the operation. Radial scleral buckle is indicated for U-shaped tears or Fishmouth tears and posterior breaks. Circumferential scleral buckle is indicated for multiple breaks, anterior breaks, and wide breaks. Encircling buckles is indicated for breaks of more than two quadrants of retinal area, lattice degeneration located on more than two quadrants of retinal area, undetectable breaks, and proliferative vitreous retinopathy.
This operation is generally performed in the doctor’s office under local anesthesia. It is another method of repairing a retinal detachment in which a gas bubble is injected into the eye after which laser or freezing treatment is applied to the retinal hole. The patient’s head is then positioned so that the bubble rests against the retinal hole. Patients may have to keep their heads tilted for several days to keep the gas bubble in contact with the retinal hole. The surface tension of the air/water interface seals the hole in the retina and allows the retinal pigment epithelium to pump the subretinal space dry and suck the retina back into place. This strict positioning requirement makes the treatment of the retinal holes and detachments that occurs in the lower part of the eyeball impractical. This procedure is usually combined with cryopexy or laser photocoagulation.
Vitrectomy is an increasingly used treatment for retinal detachment. It involves the removal of the vitreous gel and is usually combined with filling the eye with either a gas bubble or silicon oil. Advantages of using gas in this operation is that there is no myopic shift after the operation and gas is absorbed within a few weeks. Silicon oil, if filled, needs to be removed after a period of two to eight months. Silicon oil is more commonly used in cases associated with proliferative vitreo-retinopathy (PVR). A disadvantage is that a vitrectomy always leads to more rapid progression of a cataract in the operated eye. In many places, vitrectomy is the most commonly performed operation for the treatment of retinal detachment.
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